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Kraepelin noted that psychopathological states with high-intensity levels of Einheitspsychosis such as ‘dementia praecox’ (nowadays called schizophrenia) could well appear at once, without necessarily being preceded by lower-intensity syndromes such as depression. The second global concept of psychopathology is a response to this one-dimensional view of psychopathology and is associated with the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1892). Thus, he posited a one-dimensional model of psychopathology in which depression (with anxiety and psychomotor retardation) reflected low-intensity Einheitspsychosis, mania with delusions and rage involved intermediate-intensity levels, and ‘madness’ (with disorganization) and various forms of dementia represented high-intensity levels of Einheitspsychosis. To explain the heterogeneity of clinical pictures that could nonetheless be observed (the “phenotypes”), Griesinger assumed that these were due to variations in the intensity of the Einheitspsychosis. This was a time in which the soul was considered to be an undividable whole, hence different afflictions of the soul could only be due to a single underlying disorder and ‘brain disease’. The first definition is associated with the names of the German physicians Ernst Albrecht Von Zeller and Edward Griesinger (1871), who conceived the whole of psychopathology as different manifestations of a single disorder called “Einheitspsychosis” (usually translated as “Unity Psychosis”). The major syndromes of mental illness have successively been described in three global ways. After that, we will provide a redefinition of psychopathology in terms of the mutual relationships between individual symptoms of psychopathology as represented in a network graph. Below, we will provide a short overview of previous descriptions of psychopathology with their respective merits and weaknesses. The temporal evolution or outcome of psychopathology is not the focus of the current paper. More specifically, it centers on psychopathology as it occurs at a single moment in time in a heterogeneous sample of patients (a cross-sectional analysis). The focus of the current paper is on psychopathology. Personality pathology therefore involves long-term disabilities in (inter)personal functioning that generally began development in early childhood or puberty. In contrast, ‘personality pathology’ refers to a type of illness that involves a failure to develop habits and mental traits that are required for an adequate regulation of these mental functions in the course of life. If recognized and treated well, this type of illness is usually temporary (a ‘dip’). The term “psychopathology” is reserved for a type of illness that involves an acute disturbance of mental functions, leading to a significant decline in (inter)personal functioning with respect to a previously attained level of functioning. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.įunding: RG received funding of Parnassia Academy ( ) that allowed him to devote some of his time (0.2fte) to doing research instead of providing healthcare as a clinical psychiatrist. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction.

Citation: Goekoop R, Goekoop JG (2014) A Network View on Psychiatric Disorders: Network Clusters of Symptoms as Elementary Syndromes of Psychopathology.